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001 ocn227857712;

003 OCoLC;

005 20141212032846.0;

006 m o d f ;

007 cr |||||||||||;

008 080512s1997 ctua ob f000 0 eng d;

027 a| NSMRL-1208;

029 0 a| DTICEb| ADA331727;

035 a| (Sirsi) o227857712;

049 a| ERE#;

074 a| 0385-C (online);

086 0 a| D 206.10:1208;

100 1 a| Steevens, C. C.?| UNAUTHORIZED;

245 10 a| Effects of low-frequency water-borne sound on divers :b| open water trial /c| C.C. Steevens ; R. Sylvester ; J. Clark.;

260 a| [Groton, CT] :b| Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory,c| [1997];

300 a| 1 online resource (73 pages) :b| illustrations.;

336 a| text2| rdacontent;

337 a| computer2| rdamedia;

338 a| online resource2| rdacarrier;

490 1 a| Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory report ;v| no. 1208;

506 a| APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE.;

520 a| Navy divers may be exposed to active sonar transmissions while underwater. Previous manned experiments to determine safe levels of exposure have all been conducted in enclosed settings characterized by standing wave sound fields. The purpose of this experiment was to determine if plane wave (open water) acoustics alters the physiological or subjective responses of exposed divers compared to standing wave exposures. 54 manned exposures to two low-frequency underwater acoustic signals were performed at depths of 30 and 60 feet in a fresh water spring. Two projectors were used to create a plane progressive traveling acoustic wave. Divers were exposed in both helmeted and unhelmeted diving rigs. Effects on hearing, vestibular function, cardiac rhythm, and a key-insertion task were measured. Subjective responses were also recorded. In addition, the effects of neoprene wet suits on sound attenuation were measured. Slight decrements in hearing acuity were detected, but these results were confounded by circumstances unrelated to the underwater sound exposures, such as ear squeezes from diving, and microphone feedback noise. No adverse effects in vestibular function, cardiac rhythm, or key insertion performance were detected. Subjective responses revealed that divers were moderately annoyed by the underwater sound, but overall found the exposures tolerable. Neoprene wet suits generally act to attenuate low-frequency sound exposures, but under certain circumstances may also accentuate a sound exposure, possibly through a resonance effect. There is no indication from the results of this study that low-frequency water-borne sound exposures in the open water present any additional risk to divers compared to similar exposures in enclosed environments.;

500 a| Titl from title screen (viewed Sept. 5, 2012).;

500 a| "Space and Naval Systems Warfare Command Task.";

536 a| Naval Medical Research and Development Commandh| 63747N-5503;

500 a| "7 OCTOBER 1997.";

504 a| Includes bibliographical references (p. 26-28).;

650 0 a| Underwater physiology.=| ^A69921;

650 0 a| Sonar.=| ^A23239;

650 0 a| Diversx| Health risk assessment.=| ^A834904;

650 0 a| Submarine medicine.=| ^A4356;

650 17 a| Marine Engineering.2| scgdst;

650 27 a| Rockets.2| scgdst;

650 27 a| Acoustics.2| scgdst;

650 17 a| Underwater acoustics.2| dtict;

650 17 a| Divers.2| dtict;

650 17 a| Underwater sound.2| dtict;

650 17 a| Diving.2| dtict;

650 17 a| Open water.2| dtict;

650 27 a| Functions.2| dtict;

650 27 a| Risk.2| dtict;

650 27 a| Exposure(general)2| dtict;

650 27 a| Naval personnel.2| dtict;

650 27 a| Acoustic waves.2| dtict;

650 27 a| Fresh water.2| dtict;

650 27 a| Response.2| dtict;

650 27 a| Feedback.2| dtict;

650 27 a| Resonance.2| dtict;

650 27 a| Physiological effects.2| dtict;

650 27 a| Sound.2| dtict;

650 27 a| Safety.2| dtict;

650 27 a| Adverse conditions.2| dtict;

650 27 a| Acoustics.2| dtict;

650 27 a| Noise.2| dtict;

650 27 a| Acoustic attenuation.2| dtict;

650 27 a| Response(biology)2| dtict;

650 27 a| Microphones.2| dtict;

650 27 a| Sonar.2| dtict;

650 27 a| Low frequency.2| dtict;

650 27 a| Plane waves.2| dtict;

650 27 a| Traveling waves.2| dtict;

650 27 a| Sonar signals.2| dtict;

650 27 a| Manned.2| dtict;

650 27 a| Heart.2| dtict;

650 27 a| Hearing.2| dtict;

650 27 a| Vestibular apparatus.2| dtict;

650 27 a| Ear.2| dtict;

650 27 a| Springs.2| dtict;

650 27 a| Breathing apparatus.2| dtict;

650 27 a| Auditory acuity.2| dtict;

650 27 a| Neoprene.2| dtict;

650 27 a| Standing waves.2| dtict;

650 27 a| Waterborne.2| dtict;

650 27 a| Biological rhythms.2| dtict;

650 27 a| Wet suits.2| dtict;

700 1 a| Sylvester, R.?| UNAUTHORIZED;

700 1 a| Clark, J.=| ^A1067449;

710 1 a| United States.b| Naval Medical Research and Development Command.=| ^A1115149;

710 2 a| Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory.=| ^A469995;

776 08 i| Print version:a| Steevens, C. C.t| Effects of low-frequency water-borne sound on diversw| (OCoLC)41001481;

830 0 a| Report (Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory) ;v| no. 1208.=| ^A469993;

856 40 u| https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo27845;

856 40 u| http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA331727;

949 a| Click on web addressw| ASISh| JOYNER94;

998 a| 3110091;

998 a| u3110091;

596 a| 1;

999 a| CLICK ON WEB ADDRESSw| ASISc| 1i| 3110091-1001l| JNETm| JOYNERr| Ys| Yt| JNE1DOu| 10/10/2012x| EDOCUMENTz| JERESOURCE;

Effects of low-frequency water-borne sound on divers : open water trial / C.C. Steevens ; R. Sylvester ; J. Clark.

Author/creator	Steevens, C. C.
Format	Electronic
Publication Info	[Groton, CT] : Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory, [1997]
Description	1 online resource (73 pages) : illustrations.
Supplemental Content	https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo27845
Supplemental Content	http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA331727
Subjects	Underwater physiology. Sonar. Divers--Health risk assessment. Submarine medicine.

Other author/creator	Sylvester, R.
Other author/creator	Clark, J.
Other author/creator	United States. Naval Medical Research and Development Command.
Other author/creator	Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory.
Series	Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory report ; no. 1208 Report (Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory) ; no. 1208. ^A469993
Abstract	Navy divers may be exposed to active sonar transmissions while underwater. Previous manned experiments to determine safe levels of exposure have all been conducted in enclosed settings characterized by standing wave sound fields. The purpose of this experiment was to determine if plane wave (open water) acoustics alters the physiological or subjective responses of exposed divers compared to standing wave exposures. 54 manned exposures to two low-frequency underwater acoustic signals were performed at depths of 30 and 60 feet in a fresh water spring. Two projectors were used to create a plane progressive traveling acoustic wave. Divers were exposed in both helmeted and unhelmeted diving rigs. Effects on hearing, vestibular function, cardiac rhythm, and a key-insertion task were measured. Subjective responses were also recorded. In addition, the effects of neoprene wet suits on sound attenuation were measured. Slight decrements in hearing acuity were detected, but these results were confounded by circumstances unrelated to the underwater sound exposures, such as ear squeezes from diving, and microphone feedback noise. No adverse effects in vestibular function, cardiac rhythm, or key insertion performance were detected. Subjective responses revealed that divers were moderately annoyed by the underwater sound, but overall found the exposures tolerable. Neoprene wet suits generally act to attenuate low-frequency sound exposures, but under certain circumstances may also accentuate a sound exposure, possibly through a resonance effect. There is no indication from the results of this study that low-frequency water-borne sound exposures in the open water present any additional risk to divers compared to similar exposures in enclosed environments.
General note	Titl from title screen (viewed Sept. 5, 2012).
General note	"Space and Naval Systems Warfare Command Task."
General note	"7 OCTOBER 1997."
Bibliography note	Includes bibliographical references (p. 26-28).
Access restriction	APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE.
Funding information	Naval Medical Research and Development Command 63747N-5503
Issued in other form	Print version: Steevens, C. C. Effects of low-frequency water-borne sound on divers
Technical rpt#	NSMRL-1208
GPO item number	0385-C (online)
Govt. docs number	D 206.10:1208

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	Electronic Resources	Online Content https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo27845 http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA331727	✔ Available

Effects of low-frequency water-borne sound on divers : open water trial / C.C. Steevens ; R. Sylvester ; J. Clark.

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