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LEADER 28756cam 2200481 i 4500

001 ocn671701780;

003 OCoLC;

005 20140726072459.0;

008 110204s2011 nyuab b 001 0 eng ;

010 a| 2011000917;

020 a| 9780815365174 (alk. paper);

020 a| 0815365179 (alk. paper);

035 a| (Sirsi) 99960754051;

035 a| 99960754051;

035 a| (OCoLC)671701780;

050 00 a| QR106b| .M86 2011;

082 00 a| 579/.1772| 22;

100 1 a| Munn, C. B.q| (Colin B.)=| ^A1248370;

245 10 a| Marine microbiology :b| ecology and applications /c| Colin Munn ; with foreword by Farooq Azam.;

250 a| Second edition.;

264 1 a| New York, New York :b| Garland Science,c| 2011.;

300 a| xvi, 364 pages :b| illustrations (some color), maps (chiefly color) ;c| 28 cm;

336 a| textb| txt2| rdacontent;

337 a| unmediatedb| n2| rdamedia;

338 a| volumeb| nc2| rdacarrier;

504 a| Includes bibliographical references and index.;

505 0 a| Microbes In The Marine Environment: -- Marine microbiology is one of the most exciting and important areas of modern science -- Marine microbiology encompasses all microscopic organisms and viruses -- Marine microbes are found in all three domains of cellular life -- Horizontal gene transfer confounds our understanding of evolution -- Viruses are noncellular entities with great importance in marine ecosystems -- Microbial processes shape the living world -- Marine microbes show great variation in size -- World's oceans and seas form an interconnected water system -- Upper surface of the ocean is in constant motion owing to winds -- Deep-water circulation systems transport water between the ocean basins -- Seawater is a complex mixture of inorganic and organic compounds -- Light and temperature have important effects on microbial processes -- Marine microbes form a major component of the plankton -- Microbes, particles, and dissolved nutrients are not evenly distributed in seawater -- Microbes play a key role in the formation of sediments -- Microbes colonize surfaces through formation of biofilms -- Microbes in sea ice form an important part of the food chain in polar regions -- Microbial activity at hydrothermal vents provides an oasis of life in the deep sea -- Cold seeps also support diverse life -- Living organisms are the habitats of many microbes -- Conclusions -- References -- Further reading -- Methods In Marine Microbiology: -- Sampling, general experimental procedures, and remote sensing: -- Aim of microbial ecology is the study of the diversity and activities of microbes in situ -- Measurement of specific cell constitutes many be used as biomarkers of microbial activity -- Remote sensing and sampling permits analysis of microbial activities -- Microbiological sampling requires special techniques -- Mecocosm experiments attempt to simulate natural conditions -- Microelectrodes and biosensors are used to measure environmental changes -- Isotopes are used to study microbial transformations of compounds -- Direct observations and enumeration of microbes: -- Light and electron microscopy are used to study morphology and structure of microbes -- Epifluorescence light microscopy enables enumeration of marine microbes -- Confocal laser scanning microscopy enables recognition of living microbes within their habitat -- Flow cytometry measures the number and size of particles -- Culture-based methods for isolation and identification of microbes: -- Different microbes require specific culture media and conditions for growth -- Enrichment culture selects for microbes with specific growth requirements -- Phenotypic testing is used for identification and detailed characterization of many cultured bacteria -- Analysis of microbial components can be used for bacterial classification and identification -- Nucleic-acid-based methods: -- Use of nucleic-acid based methods has had a major impact on the study of marine microbial diversity -- Sequencing of ribosomal RNA genes is the most widely used tool in studies of microbial diversity -- First step in all nucleic acid investigations involves the isolation of genomic DNA or RNA from the culture or community -- Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) -- Genomic fingerprinting is used for detailed analysis of cultured microbes -- Determination of GC ratios and DNA-DNA hybridization is used in bacterial taxonomy -- DNA sequencing is a major tool in marine microbiology -- Next-generation technologies allow inexpensive high-throughput sequencing -- Sequence data are used for phylogenetic analysis -- Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) are widely used to assess composition of microbial communities -- Elucidating the full genome sequence of microbes has provided major insights into their functional roles -- Metagenomics is revolutionizing our understanding of marine microbial ecology -- Fluorescent hybridization (FISH) allows visualization and quantification of specific microbes -- Metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics reveal metabolic activities in the environment -- Microarrays enable assessment of gene activity in the environment -- Conclusions -- References -- Further reading -- Metabolic Diversity And Ecophysiology: -- All cells need to obtain energy and conserve it in the compound ATP -- All cells need carbon as the major component of cellular material -- Phototrophy involves conversion of light energy to chemical energy -- Oxygenic photosynthesis involves two distinct but coupled photosystems -- Anaerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis uses only one type of reaction center -- Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophy is widespread in planktonic bacteria -- Some phototrophs use rhodopsins as light-harvesting pigments -- Chemolithotrophs use inorganic electron donors as a source of energy and reducing power -- Thiotrophic bacteria use sulfur compounds as electron donor -- Many Chemolithotrophs use hydrogen as an electron donor -- Nitrification by bacteria and archaea is a major process in the marine nitrogen cycle -- Calvin-Benson cycle is the main method of carbon dioxide fixation in autotrophs -- Some archaea and bacteria use alternative pathways to fix CO2 -- Fixation of nitrogen makes this essential element available for building cellular material in all life -- Many marine microbes obtain energy by the fermentation of organic compounds -- Aerobic and anaerobic respiration use external electron acceptors -- Reduction of nitrate and Denitrification result in release of nitrogen and other gases -- Sulfate reduction is a major process in marine sediments -- Methanogenesis is a special type of metabolism carried out only by a group of archaea -- Aerobic catabolism of methane and other C1 compounds is widespread in coastal and oceanic habitats -- Use of complex macromolecules requires the synthesis of extracellular enzymes -- Acquisition of iron is a major challenge for marine microbes -- Growth of bacterial cells depends on availability of nutrients and environmental factors -- Bacteria adapt to starvation by a series of coordinated changes to cell metabolism -- Most marine microbes are adapted to an oligotrophic lifestyle and grow very slowly -- Some bacteria enter a "viable but nonculturable" state in the environment -- Nutrients are acquired via specialized transport mechanisms.;

505 0 a| Growth efficiency of many marine bacteria is probably low -- Microbes use a variety of mechanisms to regulate cellular activities -- Some bacteria use motility in the quest for nutrients and optimal conditions -- Formation of biofilms is an important step in microbial colonization of surfaces -- Pili are important for bacterial attachment to surfaces and exchange of genetic information -- Antagonistic interactions between microbes occur on particles or surfaces -- Quorum sensing is an intercellular communication system for regulation of gene expression -- Most marine microbes grow at low temperatures -- Microbes growing in hydrothermal systems are adapted to very high temperatures -- Microbes that inhabit the deep ocean must withstand a very high hydrostatic pressure -- Microbes vary in their requirements for oxygen or tolerance of its presence -- Ultraviolet irradiation has lethal and mutagenic effects -- Microbes are protected from osmotic damage by various mechanisms -- Conclusions -- References -- Further reading -- Marine Bacteria: -- Overview of diversity of the bacteria: -- Domain bacteria contains about 80 phyla, many of which have no cultivated members -- There is no generally accepted concept for the definition of bacterial species -- Bacteria show a variety of cell forms and structure -- Cell wall is an important feature of bacterial cells -- Many bacteria produce a glycocalyx or capsule -- Phylogenetic studies of planktonic bacteria reveal a small number of major clades -- Major types of marine bacteria, grouped by phenotype: -- Several groups of bacteria carry out anoxygenic photosynthesis -- Nitrifying bacteria grow chemolithotrophically using reduced inorganic nitrogen compounds as electron donors -- Wide range of Proteobacteria can grow chemolithotrophically using reduced sulfur compounds -- Aerobic methanotrophs and methylotrophs are widespread in coastal and oceanic habitats -- Pseudomonads are a heterogeneous group of chemoorganotrophic, aerobic, rod-shaped Proteobacteria -- Free-living aerobic nitrogen-fixing bacteria are important in sediments -- Enterobacteriaceae is a large and well defined family of Gammaproteobacteria -- Vibrio and related genera have worldwide distribution in coastal and ocean water and sediments -- Some members of the Vibrionaceae are bioluminescent -- Oceanospiralles are characterized by their ability to break down complex organic compounds -- Magnetotactic bacteria orient themselves in the earth's magnetic field -- Bdellovibrio is a predator of other bacteria -- Budding and stalked Proteobacteria show asymmetric cell division -- Sulfur- and sulfate- reducing bacteria have a major role in the sulfur cycle -- Cyanobacteria carry out oxygenic photosynthesis -- Many marine cyanobacteria carry out nitrogen fixation -- Genera Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus dominate the picoplankton in large areas of the earth's oceans -- Cyanobacteria are important in the formation of microbial mats in shallow water -- Firmicutes are a major branch of Grampositive bacteria -- Epulopiscium fishelsoni and related species are giant bacteria with a unique "viviparous" lifestyle -- Actinobacteria is a large phylum including the mycobacteria and actinomycetes -- Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides group is morphologically and metabolically diverse -- Planctomycetes are a group with cells that show some similarities to eukaryotes -- Verrucomicrobia is a poorly characterized phylum of bacteria -- Spirochetes are gram-negative, tightly coiled, flexuous bacteria distinguished by very active motility -- Aquifex and Thermotoga are hyperthermophiles -- Conclusions -- References -- Further reading -- Marine Archaea: -- Several aspects of cell structure and function distinguish the Archaea from the Bacteria -- Euryarcheaota and Crenarchaeota form the major branches of the Archaea -- Many members of the Euryarchaeota produce methane -- Archaea in deep sediments can carry out anaerobic oxidation of methane coupled to sulfate reduction -- Thermococcus and Pyrococcus are hyperthermophiles found at hydrothermal vents -- Archaeoglobus and Ferroglobus are hyperthermophilic sulfate-reducers and iron-oxidizers -- Some Euryarchaeota exist in hypersaline environments -- Nanoarchaeum is an obligate parasite of another archaeon, Ignicoccus -- Crenarchaeota include hyperthermophiles and psychrophiles -- Hyperthermophilic Crenarchaeota belong to the order Deuslfurococcales -- Psychrophilic marine Crenarchaeota are major members of the plankton -- Conclusions -- References -- Further reading -- Marine Eukaryotic Microbes: -- Term "protist" is used to describe an extremely diverse collection of unicellular eukaryotic microbes -- Systems for the classification of eukaryotic microbes are still developing -- Many protists possess flagella -- Euglenids may be phototrophic, heterotrophic, or mixotrophic -- Bicosoecids are a group of highly active bacterivorous flagellates -- Choanoflagellates have a unique feeding mechanism -- Dinoflagellates have critical roles in marine systems -- Dinoflagellates undertake diurnal vertical migration -- Some Dinoflagellates exhibit bioluminescence -- Ciliates are voracious grazers of other protists and bacteria -- Haptophytes (prymnesiophytes) are major components of ocean phytoplankton -- Diatoms are extremely diverse and abundant primary producers in the oceans -- Diatoms and their products-past and present-have many applications -- Protists in the picoplankton size range are extremely widespread and diverse -- Raphidophytes are stramenopiles which may cause harmful blooms -- Thraustochytrids and labyrinthulids play an important role in breakdown and absorption of organic matter -- Amoebozoa may be important grazers of bacteria associated with particles -- Radiolarians and foraminifera have highly diverse morphologies with mineral shells -- Marine fungi are especially important in decomposition of complex materials in coastal habitats -- Conclusions --References -- Further reading -- Marine Viruses: -- Viruses are extremely diverse in structure and genetic composition -- Viruses are the most abundant biological entities in seawater -- Phages are viruses that infect bacterial and archaeal cells -- Life cycle of phages show a number of distinct stages -- Lysogeny occurs when the phage genome is integrated into the host genome -- Large DNA viruses are important pathogens of planktonic protists.;

505 0 a| Photosynthetic protists are also infected by RNA viruses -- Role of viruses as pathogens of heterotrophic protist remains unclear -- Loss of infectivity of viruses arise from irreparable damage to the nucleic acid or protein capsid -- Measurement of virus production rates is important for assessing the role of virus-induced mortality -- Viral mortality "lubricates" the biological pump -- Viral mortality plays a major role in structuring diversity of microbial communities -- Marine viruses show enormous genetic diversity -- Viromes are reservoirs of genetic diversity and exchange -- Conclusions -- References -- Further reading -- Microbes In Ocean Processes-Carbon Cycling: -- Development of the microbial loop concept transformed our understanding of ocean processes -- Fate of carbon dominates consideration of the microbial ecology of the oceans -- Marine phytoplankton are responsible for about half of the global CO2 fixation -- As well as light, photosynthetic activity depends on the availability of nutrients -- Importance of various components of the microbial loop varies according to circumstances -- Microbial loop results in retention of dissolved nutrients -- Ingestion of bacteria by protists plays a key role in the microbial loop -- Viral shunt catalyzes nutrient regeneration in the upper ocean -- Eutrophication of coastal waters affects microbial activity -- Conclusions -- References -- Further reading -- Microbes In Ocean Processes-Nitrogen, Sulfur, Iron, And Phosphorus Cycling: -- Nutrient limitation: -- Key elements may act as limiting nutrients for different groups of microbes -- Productivity of surface waters show marked geographical variations -- Ocean microbes require iron -- Nitrogen cycle: -- Major shifts in our understanding of the marine nitrogen cycle are in progress -- New nitrogen-fixers have been discovered recently -- Fixed nitrogen is returned to the inorganic pool by ammonification and nitrification -- Denitrification and anammox reactions return nitrogen to its elemental form -- Microbial processes in sediments are a major contributor to nitrogen cycling -- Sulfur cycle: -- Oceans contain large quantities of sulphur-an essential element for life -- Metabolism of organic sulfur compounds is especially important in surface waters -- Fraction of DMSP production leads to release of the gas dimethyl sulfide (DMS) -- Microbial sulfate reduction and sulfide oxidation occur in sediments, vents, and seeps -- Phosphorus cycle: -- Phosphorus is often a limiting or colimiting nutrient -- Marine microbes are adapted to low and variable levels of phosphorus -- Conclusions -- References -- Further reading -- Symbiotic Associations: -- Zooxanthellae and other photosynthetic endosymbionts are vital for the nutrition of many marine animals -- Coral bleaching occurs due to the breakdown of the symbiosis between Zooxanthellae and their host -- Scleractinian corals are multipartner symbiotic systems (holobionts) -- Photosynthetic Zooxanthellae boost the growth of giant clams in nutrient-poor waters -- Worms and clams at hydrothermal vents obtain nutrition from chemosynthetic bacterial endosymbionts -- Chemosynthetic symbionts are widely distributed in marine invertebrates -- Animals colonizing whale falls depend on autotrophic and heterotrophic symbionts -- Some hydrothermal vent animals have dense populations of bacteria on their surface -- Some fish and invertebrates use bacteria to make light -- Bobtail squid uses bacterial bioluminescence for camouflage -- Endosymbionts of bryozoans produce compounds that protect the host from predation -- Sponges contain dense communities of specific microbes -- Some protists with endosymbionts can switch from heterotrophic to phototrophic metabolism -- Viruses may help a sea slug to use "stolen" chloroplasts for photosynthesis -- Conclusions -- References -- Further reading -- Microbial Diseases Of Marine Organisms: -- Diseases of invertebrates: -- Diseases of invertebrates have major ecological and economic impact -- Infectious diseases of corals have emerged as a major threat to their survival -- Fungus Aspergillus sydowii caused a mass mortality of sea fans in the Caribbean Sea -- Black band disease of corals is a long established disease of corals worldwide -- White plague and white pox are major diseases affecting Caribbean reefs -- Extensive tissue necrosis of corals may involve bacteria and protistan parasites -- Role of viruses in coral diseases is unclear -- Sponge disease is a poorly investigated global phenomenon -- Vibrios are a major cause of important diseases of cultured mollusks -- Wide range of other bacteria can cause infections in bivalve mollusks -- Virus infections are a major problem in oyster culture -- Bacterial and viral diseases are major problems in aquaculture of crustaceans -- Expansion of intensive prawn culture has been accompanied by a dramatic spread in viral diseases -- Bacteria can cause epizootics with high mortalities in crustaceans -- Parasitic Dinoflagellates are major pathogens of crustaceans -- Diseases of vertebrates: -- Microbial diseases of fish cause major losses in aquaculture, but effects on natural populations are harder to determine -- Importance of fish diseases in aquaculture has led to the development of specialized branches of veterinary science and diagnostic microbiology -- Bacteria produce infections in fish using a range of pathogenic mechanisms -- Vibrios are responsible for some of the main infections of marine fish -- Pasteurellosis is a major disease in warm-water marine fish -- Aeromonas salmonicida has a broad geographic range affecting fish in fresh and marine waters -- Marine flexibacteriosis is caused by an opportunist pathogen of low virulence -- Piscirickettsia and francisella are intracellular Proteobacteria causing economically important diseases in salmon and cod -- Intracellular gram-positive bacteria cause chronic infections of fish -- Several gram-positive cocci cause diseases affecting the central nervous system of fish -- Viruses cause numerous diseases of marine fish -- Infectious salmon anemia virus is one of the most important pathogens in salmon culture -- Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus infects many species of wild fish -- Lymphocystis virus causes a highly contagious chronic skin infection of fish -- Birnaviruses appear to be widespread in marine fish and invertebrates -- Viral nervous necrosis is an emerging disease with major impact -- Protists can cause disease in fish via infections, toxins, and direct physical effects.;

505 0 a| Dinoflagellate and diatom toxins can affect marine mammals -- Mass mortalities in the late twentieth century prompted the study of viral diseases of marine mammals -- Viruses from nine different families have been linked to diseases of marine mammals -- Several species of bacteria and fungi infect marine mammals -- Sea turtles are affected by a virus promoting growth of tumors -- Diseases of seaweed and seagrasses: -- Fungi, bacteria, and protists cause ecologically and economically important diseases of seaweeds and seagrasses -- Many species of algae contain virus-like particles -- Conclusions -- References -- Further reading -- Marine Microbes As Agents Of Human Disease: -- Pathogenic vibrios are common in marine and estuarine environments -- Cholera is a major human disease with a reservoir in coastal environments -- Vibrio cholera produces disease in humans owing to production of a toxin and other pathogenic factors -- Control of cholera remains a major world health problem -- Mobile genetic elements play a major role in the virulence of Vibrio cholerae -- Non-O1 and non-O139 serotypes of vibrio cholerae are widely distributed in coastal and estuarine waters -- Vibrio vulnificus causes serious illness associated with seafood -- Distribution of vibrio vulnificus in the marine environment is affected by temperature and salinity -- Vibrio vulnificus and other marine vibrios can cause wound infections -- Seafood-borne infection by vibrio parahaemolyticus is common throughout the world -- Scombroid fish poisoning is a result of bacterial enzymic activity -- Botulism is a rare lethal intoxication from seafood -- Fugu poisoning is caused by a neurotoxin of probable bacterial origin -- Some diseases of marine mammals and fish can be transmitted to humans -- Toxic Dinoflagellates and diatoms pose serious threats to human health -- Paralytic shellfish poisoning is caused by saxitoxins produced by Dinoflagellates -- Management of paralytic shellfish poisoning depends on assaying toxins in shellfish -- Brevetoxin can cause illness via ingestion or inhalation during red tides -- Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning result in gastrointestinal symptoms -- Amnesic shellfish poisoning is caused by toxic diatoms -- Ciguatera fish poisoning has a major impact on the health of tropical islanders -- Dinoflagellates and diatoms probably produce toxins as antipredator defense mechanisms -- Incidence of harmful algal blooms and toxin associated diseases is increasing owing to the interaction of many complex factors -- Coastal waters must be regularly monitored to assess the development of harmful algal blooms -- Conclusions -- References -- Further reading -- Microbial Aspects Of marine Biofouling, Biodeterioration, And Pollution: -- Biofouling and Biodeterioration: -- Microbial biofilms are often the first phase in Biofouling -- Microbially induced corrosion occurs as a result of the activities of microorganism within biofilms on metals, alloys and composite materials -- Microbes cause Biodeterioration of marine wooden structures and timber -- Microbial growth and metabolism are the major cause of spoilage of seafood products -- Processing, packaging, and inhibitors of spoilage are used to extend shelf-life -- Some seafood products are produced by deliberate manipulation of microbial activities -- Microbial aspects of marine pollution by sewage: -- Coastal pollution by wastewater is a significant sources of human disease -- Range of human viruses are present in seawater contaminated by sewage -- Fecal indicator bacteria have been used for many years to test public health risks in marine water -- Escherichia coli and coliforms are unreliable indicators of human fecal pollution of the sea -- Fecal streptococci or enterococci are more reliable indicators for monitoring marine water quality -- Molecular-based methods permit quicker analysis of indicator organisms and microbial source tracking -- Variety of alternative indicator species have been investigated -- Different countries use different quality standards for marine waters -- Sewage pollution of water in shellfish are harvested for human consumption poses a serious health hazard -- Many countries have microbiological standards for the classification of waters in which shellfish are cultivated -- Direct testing for pathogens in shellfish is possible using molecular techniques -- Oil and other chemical pollution: -- Oil pollution of the marine environment is a major problem -- Range of microbes are responsible for biodegradation of oil at sea -- Fate of oil depends on a combination of physical and biological processes -- Biodegradation is enhanced by addition of emulsifiers -- Addition of nutrients is necessary to increase the rate of oil biodegradation -- Bioremediation has been used to lessen the impact of oil spills on vulnerable coasts -- Microbes are important in the distribution of persistent organic pollutants -- Bacteria are effective in the removal of heavy metals from contaminated sediments -- Microbial systems can be used for monitoring the environment for toxic chemicals -- Mobilization of mercury by bacterial metabolism leads to accumulation of toxic mehylmercury -- Conclusions -- References -- Further reading -- Marine Microbes And Biotechnology: -- Enzymes from marine microbes have many applications -- DNA polymerases from hydrothermal vent organisms are widely used in molecular biology -- Metagenomics and bioinformatics lead to new biotechnological developments -- Polymers from marine bacteria are finding increasing applications -- Microalgae are promising new sources of biofuels -- Marine microbes are a rich source of biomedical products -- Bioactive compounds from marine invertebrates may be produced by microbial symbionts -- New antimicrobial compounds may be discovered through study of complex microbial communities -- Marine microbes are the source of a range of health-promoting products -- New approaches to antifouling have been discovered through study of microbial colonization of surfaces -- Marine microbes are a rich source for biomimetics, nanotechnology, and bioelectronics -- Microbial biotechnology has many applications in aquaculture -- Most bacterial pathogens can be killed or inhibited by antimicrobial agents -- Resistance to antimicrobial agents is a major problem in aquaculture -- Vaccination of finfish is widely used in aquaculture -- Recombinant DNA technology is used to produce vaccines for diseases caused by viruses and some bacteria -- DNA vaccination or genetic immunization depends on expression of a sequence encoding the protective antigen.;

505 0 a| Probiotics, prebiotics, and immunostimulants are widely used in marine aquaculture -- Conclusions -- References -- Further reading -- Concluding Remarks -- Glossary -- Abbreviations -- Index -- Color plates.;

520 a| Overview: Marine Microbiology brings together microbial biology and ecology to create an integrated approach that addresses environmental management, human health, and economic concerns. The Second Edition takes into account many new discoveries in the field including the role of microbes in ocean processes and nutrient cycles, the importance of viruses, the beneficial role of marine microbes in biotechnology, biofuels, metagenomics and synthetic biology, and new research on the impact of climate change and ocean acidification. The first three sections review the main features of the marine environment and key aspects of marine microbial life; the second section examines the role of marine microorganisms in ecology; and the final section considers some of the applications of this knowledge in areas such as disease and biodegradation.;

650 0 a| Marine microbiology.=| ^A7887;

650 7 a| Marine microbiology.2| fast0| (OCoLC)fst01009736;

650 7 a| Microbiologie marine.2| ram;

650 7 a| Écologie marine.2| ram;

949 i| 30372013797532o| jjlm;

960 o| 1s| 105.00t| Joyner48u| JBIOz| USD;

596 a| 1;

998 a| 3661714;

999 a| QR106 .M86 2011w| LCc| 1i| 30372013797532d| 12/10/2022e| 10/27/2022l| JGESm| JOYNERn| 6r| Ys| Yt| JGESBKu| 1/22/2015x| BOOKz| JSTACKSo| .STAFF. jjlm;

Marine microbiology : ecology and applications / Colin Munn ; with foreword by Farooq Azam.

Author/creator	Munn, C. B.
Format	Book
Edition	Second edition.
Publication	New York, New York : Garland Science, 2011.
Copyright Date	©2011
Description	xvi, 364 pages : illustrations (some color), maps (chiefly color) ; 28 cm
Subjects	Marine microbiology.

Contents	Microbes In The Marine Environment: -- Marine microbiology is one of the most exciting and important areas of modern science -- Marine microbiology encompasses all microscopic organisms and viruses -- Marine microbes are found in all three domains of cellular life -- Horizontal gene transfer confounds our understanding of evolution -- Viruses are noncellular entities with great importance in marine ecosystems -- Microbial processes shape the living world -- Marine microbes show great variation in size -- World's oceans and seas form an interconnected water system -- Upper surface of the ocean is in constant motion owing to winds -- Deep-water circulation systems transport water between the ocean basins -- Seawater is a complex mixture of inorganic and organic compounds -- Light and temperature have important effects on microbial processes -- Marine microbes form a major component of the plankton -- Microbes, particles, and dissolved nutrients are not evenly distributed in seawater -- Microbes play a key role in the formation of sediments -- Microbes colonize surfaces through formation of biofilms -- Microbes in sea ice form an important part of the food chain in polar regions -- Microbial activity at hydrothermal vents provides an oasis of life in the deep sea -- Cold seeps also support diverse life -- Living organisms are the habitats of many microbes -- Conclusions -- References -- Further reading -- Methods In Marine Microbiology: -- Sampling, general experimental procedures, and remote sensing: -- Aim of microbial ecology is the study of the diversity and activities of microbes in situ -- Measurement of specific cell constitutes many be used as biomarkers of microbial activity -- Remote sensing and sampling permits analysis of microbial activities -- Microbiological sampling requires special techniques -- Mecocosm experiments attempt to simulate natural conditions -- Microelectrodes and biosensors are used to measure environmental changes -- Isotopes are used to study microbial transformations of compounds -- Direct observations and enumeration of microbes: -- Light and electron microscopy are used to study morphology and structure of microbes -- Epifluorescence light microscopy enables enumeration of marine microbes -- Confocal laser scanning microscopy enables recognition of living microbes within their habitat -- Flow cytometry measures the number and size of particles -- Culture-based methods for isolation and identification of microbes: -- Different microbes require specific culture media and conditions for growth -- Enrichment culture selects for microbes with specific growth requirements -- Phenotypic testing is used for identification and detailed characterization of many cultured bacteria -- Analysis of microbial components can be used for bacterial classification and identification -- Nucleic-acid-based methods: -- Use of nucleic-acid based methods has had a major impact on the study of marine microbial diversity -- Sequencing of ribosomal RNA genes is the most widely used tool in studies of microbial diversity -- First step in all nucleic acid investigations involves the isolation of genomic DNA or RNA from the culture or community -- Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) -- Genomic fingerprinting is used for detailed analysis of cultured microbes -- Determination of GC ratios and DNA-DNA hybridization is used in bacterial taxonomy -- DNA sequencing is a major tool in marine microbiology -- Next-generation technologies allow inexpensive high-throughput sequencing -- Sequence data are used for phylogenetic analysis -- Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) are widely used to assess composition of microbial communities -- Elucidating the full genome sequence of microbes has provided major insights into their functional roles -- Metagenomics is revolutionizing our understanding of marine microbial ecology -- Fluorescent hybridization (FISH) allows visualization and quantification of specific microbes -- Metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics reveal metabolic activities in the environment -- Microarrays enable assessment of gene activity in the environment -- Conclusions -- References -- Further reading -- Metabolic Diversity And Ecophysiology: -- All cells need to obtain energy and conserve it in the compound ATP -- All cells need carbon as the major component of cellular material -- Phototrophy involves conversion of light energy to chemical energy -- Oxygenic photosynthesis involves two distinct but coupled photosystems -- Anaerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis uses only one type of reaction center -- Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophy is widespread in planktonic bacteria -- Some phototrophs use rhodopsins as light-harvesting pigments -- Chemolithotrophs use inorganic electron donors as a source of energy and reducing power -- Thiotrophic bacteria use sulfur compounds as electron donor -- Many Chemolithotrophs use hydrogen as an electron donor -- Nitrification by bacteria and archaea is a major process in the marine nitrogen cycle -- Calvin-Benson cycle is the main method of carbon dioxide fixation in autotrophs -- Some archaea and bacteria use alternative pathways to fix CO2 -- Fixation of nitrogen makes this essential element available for building cellular material in all life -- Many marine microbes obtain energy by the fermentation of organic compounds -- Aerobic and anaerobic respiration use external electron acceptors -- Reduction of nitrate and Denitrification result in release of nitrogen and other gases -- Sulfate reduction is a major process in marine sediments -- Methanogenesis is a special type of metabolism carried out only by a group of archaea -- Aerobic catabolism of methane and other C1 compounds is widespread in coastal and oceanic habitats -- Use of complex macromolecules requires the synthesis of extracellular enzymes -- Acquisition of iron is a major challenge for marine microbes -- Growth of bacterial cells depends on availability of nutrients and environmental factors -- Bacteria adapt to starvation by a series of coordinated changes to cell metabolism -- Most marine microbes are adapted to an oligotrophic lifestyle and grow very slowly -- Some bacteria enter a "viable but nonculturable" state in the environment -- Nutrients are acquired via specialized transport mechanisms.
Contents	Growth efficiency of many marine bacteria is probably low -- Microbes use a variety of mechanisms to regulate cellular activities -- Some bacteria use motility in the quest for nutrients and optimal conditions -- Formation of biofilms is an important step in microbial colonization of surfaces -- Pili are important for bacterial attachment to surfaces and exchange of genetic information -- Antagonistic interactions between microbes occur on particles or surfaces -- Quorum sensing is an intercellular communication system for regulation of gene expression -- Most marine microbes grow at low temperatures -- Microbes growing in hydrothermal systems are adapted to very high temperatures -- Microbes that inhabit the deep ocean must withstand a very high hydrostatic pressure -- Microbes vary in their requirements for oxygen or tolerance of its presence -- Ultraviolet irradiation has lethal and mutagenic effects -- Microbes are protected from osmotic damage by various mechanisms -- Conclusions -- References -- Further reading -- Marine Bacteria: -- Overview of diversity of the bacteria: -- Domain bacteria contains about 80 phyla, many of which have no cultivated members -- There is no generally accepted concept for the definition of bacterial species -- Bacteria show a variety of cell forms and structure -- Cell wall is an important feature of bacterial cells -- Many bacteria produce a glycocalyx or capsule -- Phylogenetic studies of planktonic bacteria reveal a small number of major clades -- Major types of marine bacteria, grouped by phenotype: -- Several groups of bacteria carry out anoxygenic photosynthesis -- Nitrifying bacteria grow chemolithotrophically using reduced inorganic nitrogen compounds as electron donors -- Wide range of Proteobacteria can grow chemolithotrophically using reduced sulfur compounds -- Aerobic methanotrophs and methylotrophs are widespread in coastal and oceanic habitats -- Pseudomonads are a heterogeneous group of chemoorganotrophic, aerobic, rod-shaped Proteobacteria -- Free-living aerobic nitrogen-fixing bacteria are important in sediments -- Enterobacteriaceae is a large and well defined family of Gammaproteobacteria -- Vibrio and related genera have worldwide distribution in coastal and ocean water and sediments -- Some members of the Vibrionaceae are bioluminescent -- Oceanospiralles are characterized by their ability to break down complex organic compounds -- Magnetotactic bacteria orient themselves in the earth's magnetic field -- Bdellovibrio is a predator of other bacteria -- Budding and stalked Proteobacteria show asymmetric cell division -- Sulfur- and sulfate- reducing bacteria have a major role in the sulfur cycle -- Cyanobacteria carry out oxygenic photosynthesis -- Many marine cyanobacteria carry out nitrogen fixation -- Genera Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus dominate the picoplankton in large areas of the earth's oceans -- Cyanobacteria are important in the formation of microbial mats in shallow water -- Firmicutes are a major branch of Grampositive bacteria -- Epulopiscium fishelsoni and related species are giant bacteria with a unique "viviparous" lifestyle -- Actinobacteria is a large phylum including the mycobacteria and actinomycetes -- Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides group is morphologically and metabolically diverse -- Planctomycetes are a group with cells that show some similarities to eukaryotes -- Verrucomicrobia is a poorly characterized phylum of bacteria -- Spirochetes are gram-negative, tightly coiled, flexuous bacteria distinguished by very active motility -- Aquifex and Thermotoga are hyperthermophiles -- Conclusions -- References -- Further reading -- Marine Archaea: -- Several aspects of cell structure and function distinguish the Archaea from the Bacteria -- Euryarcheaota and Crenarchaeota form the major branches of the Archaea -- Many members of the Euryarchaeota produce methane -- Archaea in deep sediments can carry out anaerobic oxidation of methane coupled to sulfate reduction -- Thermococcus and Pyrococcus are hyperthermophiles found at hydrothermal vents -- Archaeoglobus and Ferroglobus are hyperthermophilic sulfate-reducers and iron-oxidizers -- Some Euryarchaeota exist in hypersaline environments -- Nanoarchaeum is an obligate parasite of another archaeon, Ignicoccus -- Crenarchaeota include hyperthermophiles and psychrophiles -- Hyperthermophilic Crenarchaeota belong to the order Deuslfurococcales -- Psychrophilic marine Crenarchaeota are major members of the plankton -- Conclusions -- References -- Further reading -- Marine Eukaryotic Microbes: -- Term "protist" is used to describe an extremely diverse collection of unicellular eukaryotic microbes -- Systems for the classification of eukaryotic microbes are still developing -- Many protists possess flagella -- Euglenids may be phototrophic, heterotrophic, or mixotrophic -- Bicosoecids are a group of highly active bacterivorous flagellates -- Choanoflagellates have a unique feeding mechanism -- Dinoflagellates have critical roles in marine systems -- Dinoflagellates undertake diurnal vertical migration -- Some Dinoflagellates exhibit bioluminescence -- Ciliates are voracious grazers of other protists and bacteria -- Haptophytes (prymnesiophytes) are major components of ocean phytoplankton -- Diatoms are extremely diverse and abundant primary producers in the oceans -- Diatoms and their products-past and present-have many applications -- Protists in the picoplankton size range are extremely widespread and diverse -- Raphidophytes are stramenopiles which may cause harmful blooms -- Thraustochytrids and labyrinthulids play an important role in breakdown and absorption of organic matter -- Amoebozoa may be important grazers of bacteria associated with particles -- Radiolarians and foraminifera have highly diverse morphologies with mineral shells -- Marine fungi are especially important in decomposition of complex materials in coastal habitats -- Conclusions --References -- Further reading -- Marine Viruses: -- Viruses are extremely diverse in structure and genetic composition -- Viruses are the most abundant biological entities in seawater -- Phages are viruses that infect bacterial and archaeal cells -- Life cycle of phages show a number of distinct stages -- Lysogeny occurs when the phage genome is integrated into the host genome -- Large DNA viruses are important pathogens of planktonic protists.
Contents	Photosynthetic protists are also infected by RNA viruses -- Role of viruses as pathogens of heterotrophic protist remains unclear -- Loss of infectivity of viruses arise from irreparable damage to the nucleic acid or protein capsid -- Measurement of virus production rates is important for assessing the role of virus-induced mortality -- Viral mortality "lubricates" the biological pump -- Viral mortality plays a major role in structuring diversity of microbial communities -- Marine viruses show enormous genetic diversity -- Viromes are reservoirs of genetic diversity and exchange -- Conclusions -- References -- Further reading -- Microbes In Ocean Processes-Carbon Cycling: -- Development of the microbial loop concept transformed our understanding of ocean processes -- Fate of carbon dominates consideration of the microbial ecology of the oceans -- Marine phytoplankton are responsible for about half of the global CO2 fixation -- As well as light, photosynthetic activity depends on the availability of nutrients -- Importance of various components of the microbial loop varies according to circumstances -- Microbial loop results in retention of dissolved nutrients -- Ingestion of bacteria by protists plays a key role in the microbial loop -- Viral shunt catalyzes nutrient regeneration in the upper ocean -- Eutrophication of coastal waters affects microbial activity -- Conclusions -- References -- Further reading -- Microbes In Ocean Processes-Nitrogen, Sulfur, Iron, And Phosphorus Cycling: -- Nutrient limitation: -- Key elements may act as limiting nutrients for different groups of microbes -- Productivity of surface waters show marked geographical variations -- Ocean microbes require iron -- Nitrogen cycle: -- Major shifts in our understanding of the marine nitrogen cycle are in progress -- New nitrogen-fixers have been discovered recently -- Fixed nitrogen is returned to the inorganic pool by ammonification and nitrification -- Denitrification and anammox reactions return nitrogen to its elemental form -- Microbial processes in sediments are a major contributor to nitrogen cycling -- Sulfur cycle: -- Oceans contain large quantities of sulphur-an essential element for life -- Metabolism of organic sulfur compounds is especially important in surface waters -- Fraction of DMSP production leads to release of the gas dimethyl sulfide (DMS) -- Microbial sulfate reduction and sulfide oxidation occur in sediments, vents, and seeps -- Phosphorus cycle: -- Phosphorus is often a limiting or colimiting nutrient -- Marine microbes are adapted to low and variable levels of phosphorus -- Conclusions -- References -- Further reading -- Symbiotic Associations: -- Zooxanthellae and other photosynthetic endosymbionts are vital for the nutrition of many marine animals -- Coral bleaching occurs due to the breakdown of the symbiosis between Zooxanthellae and their host -- Scleractinian corals are multipartner symbiotic systems (holobionts) -- Photosynthetic Zooxanthellae boost the growth of giant clams in nutrient-poor waters -- Worms and clams at hydrothermal vents obtain nutrition from chemosynthetic bacterial endosymbionts -- Chemosynthetic symbionts are widely distributed in marine invertebrates -- Animals colonizing whale falls depend on autotrophic and heterotrophic symbionts -- Some hydrothermal vent animals have dense populations of bacteria on their surface -- Some fish and invertebrates use bacteria to make light -- Bobtail squid uses bacterial bioluminescence for camouflage -- Endosymbionts of bryozoans produce compounds that protect the host from predation -- Sponges contain dense communities of specific microbes -- Some protists with endosymbionts can switch from heterotrophic to phototrophic metabolism -- Viruses may help a sea slug to use "stolen" chloroplasts for photosynthesis -- Conclusions -- References -- Further reading -- Microbial Diseases Of Marine Organisms: -- Diseases of invertebrates: -- Diseases of invertebrates have major ecological and economic impact -- Infectious diseases of corals have emerged as a major threat to their survival -- Fungus Aspergillus sydowii caused a mass mortality of sea fans in the Caribbean Sea -- Black band disease of corals is a long established disease of corals worldwide -- White plague and white pox are major diseases affecting Caribbean reefs -- Extensive tissue necrosis of corals may involve bacteria and protistan parasites -- Role of viruses in coral diseases is unclear -- Sponge disease is a poorly investigated global phenomenon -- Vibrios are a major cause of important diseases of cultured mollusks -- Wide range of other bacteria can cause infections in bivalve mollusks -- Virus infections are a major problem in oyster culture -- Bacterial and viral diseases are major problems in aquaculture of crustaceans -- Expansion of intensive prawn culture has been accompanied by a dramatic spread in viral diseases -- Bacteria can cause epizootics with high mortalities in crustaceans -- Parasitic Dinoflagellates are major pathogens of crustaceans -- Diseases of vertebrates: -- Microbial diseases of fish cause major losses in aquaculture, but effects on natural populations are harder to determine -- Importance of fish diseases in aquaculture has led to the development of specialized branches of veterinary science and diagnostic microbiology -- Bacteria produce infections in fish using a range of pathogenic mechanisms -- Vibrios are responsible for some of the main infections of marine fish -- Pasteurellosis is a major disease in warm-water marine fish -- Aeromonas salmonicida has a broad geographic range affecting fish in fresh and marine waters -- Marine flexibacteriosis is caused by an opportunist pathogen of low virulence -- Piscirickettsia and francisella are intracellular Proteobacteria causing economically important diseases in salmon and cod -- Intracellular gram-positive bacteria cause chronic infections of fish -- Several gram-positive cocci cause diseases affecting the central nervous system of fish -- Viruses cause numerous diseases of marine fish -- Infectious salmon anemia virus is one of the most important pathogens in salmon culture -- Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus infects many species of wild fish -- Lymphocystis virus causes a highly contagious chronic skin infection of fish -- Birnaviruses appear to be widespread in marine fish and invertebrates -- Viral nervous necrosis is an emerging disease with major impact -- Protists can cause disease in fish via infections, toxins, and direct physical effects.
Contents	Dinoflagellate and diatom toxins can affect marine mammals -- Mass mortalities in the late twentieth century prompted the study of viral diseases of marine mammals -- Viruses from nine different families have been linked to diseases of marine mammals -- Several species of bacteria and fungi infect marine mammals -- Sea turtles are affected by a virus promoting growth of tumors -- Diseases of seaweed and seagrasses: -- Fungi, bacteria, and protists cause ecologically and economically important diseases of seaweeds and seagrasses -- Many species of algae contain virus-like particles -- Conclusions -- References -- Further reading -- Marine Microbes As Agents Of Human Disease: -- Pathogenic vibrios are common in marine and estuarine environments -- Cholera is a major human disease with a reservoir in coastal environments -- Vibrio cholera produces disease in humans owing to production of a toxin and other pathogenic factors -- Control of cholera remains a major world health problem -- Mobile genetic elements play a major role in the virulence of Vibrio cholerae -- Non-O1 and non-O139 serotypes of vibrio cholerae are widely distributed in coastal and estuarine waters -- Vibrio vulnificus causes serious illness associated with seafood -- Distribution of vibrio vulnificus in the marine environment is affected by temperature and salinity -- Vibrio vulnificus and other marine vibrios can cause wound infections -- Seafood-borne infection by vibrio parahaemolyticus is common throughout the world -- Scombroid fish poisoning is a result of bacterial enzymic activity -- Botulism is a rare lethal intoxication from seafood -- Fugu poisoning is caused by a neurotoxin of probable bacterial origin -- Some diseases of marine mammals and fish can be transmitted to humans -- Toxic Dinoflagellates and diatoms pose serious threats to human health -- Paralytic shellfish poisoning is caused by saxitoxins produced by Dinoflagellates -- Management of paralytic shellfish poisoning depends on assaying toxins in shellfish -- Brevetoxin can cause illness via ingestion or inhalation during red tides -- Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning result in gastrointestinal symptoms -- Amnesic shellfish poisoning is caused by toxic diatoms -- Ciguatera fish poisoning has a major impact on the health of tropical islanders -- Dinoflagellates and diatoms probably produce toxins as antipredator defense mechanisms -- Incidence of harmful algal blooms and toxin associated diseases is increasing owing to the interaction of many complex factors -- Coastal waters must be regularly monitored to assess the development of harmful algal blooms -- Conclusions -- References -- Further reading -- Microbial Aspects Of marine Biofouling, Biodeterioration, And Pollution: -- Biofouling and Biodeterioration: -- Microbial biofilms are often the first phase in Biofouling -- Microbially induced corrosion occurs as a result of the activities of microorganism within biofilms on metals, alloys and composite materials -- Microbes cause Biodeterioration of marine wooden structures and timber -- Microbial growth and metabolism are the major cause of spoilage of seafood products -- Processing, packaging, and inhibitors of spoilage are used to extend shelf-life -- Some seafood products are produced by deliberate manipulation of microbial activities -- Microbial aspects of marine pollution by sewage: -- Coastal pollution by wastewater is a significant sources of human disease -- Range of human viruses are present in seawater contaminated by sewage -- Fecal indicator bacteria have been used for many years to test public health risks in marine water -- Escherichia coli and coliforms are unreliable indicators of human fecal pollution of the sea -- Fecal streptococci or enterococci are more reliable indicators for monitoring marine water quality -- Molecular-based methods permit quicker analysis of indicator organisms and microbial source tracking -- Variety of alternative indicator species have been investigated -- Different countries use different quality standards for marine waters -- Sewage pollution of water in shellfish are harvested for human consumption poses a serious health hazard -- Many countries have microbiological standards for the classification of waters in which shellfish are cultivated -- Direct testing for pathogens in shellfish is possible using molecular techniques -- Oil and other chemical pollution: -- Oil pollution of the marine environment is a major problem -- Range of microbes are responsible for biodegradation of oil at sea -- Fate of oil depends on a combination of physical and biological processes -- Biodegradation is enhanced by addition of emulsifiers -- Addition of nutrients is necessary to increase the rate of oil biodegradation -- Bioremediation has been used to lessen the impact of oil spills on vulnerable coasts -- Microbes are important in the distribution of persistent organic pollutants -- Bacteria are effective in the removal of heavy metals from contaminated sediments -- Microbial systems can be used for monitoring the environment for toxic chemicals -- Mobilization of mercury by bacterial metabolism leads to accumulation of toxic mehylmercury -- Conclusions -- References -- Further reading -- Marine Microbes And Biotechnology: -- Enzymes from marine microbes have many applications -- DNA polymerases from hydrothermal vent organisms are widely used in molecular biology -- Metagenomics and bioinformatics lead to new biotechnological developments -- Polymers from marine bacteria are finding increasing applications -- Microalgae are promising new sources of biofuels -- Marine microbes are a rich source of biomedical products -- Bioactive compounds from marine invertebrates may be produced by microbial symbionts -- New antimicrobial compounds may be discovered through study of complex microbial communities -- Marine microbes are the source of a range of health-promoting products -- New approaches to antifouling have been discovered through study of microbial colonization of surfaces -- Marine microbes are a rich source for biomimetics, nanotechnology, and bioelectronics -- Microbial biotechnology has many applications in aquaculture -- Most bacterial pathogens can be killed or inhibited by antimicrobial agents -- Resistance to antimicrobial agents is a major problem in aquaculture -- Vaccination of finfish is widely used in aquaculture -- Recombinant DNA technology is used to produce vaccines for diseases caused by viruses and some bacteria -- DNA vaccination or genetic immunization depends on expression of a sequence encoding the protective antigen.
Contents	Probiotics, prebiotics, and immunostimulants are widely used in marine aquaculture -- Conclusions -- References -- Further reading -- Concluding Remarks -- Glossary -- Abbreviations -- Index -- Color plates.
Abstract	Overview: Marine Microbiology brings together microbial biology and ecology to create an integrated approach that addresses environmental management, human health, and economic concerns. The Second Edition takes into account many new discoveries in the field including the role of microbes in ocean processes and nutrient cycles, the importance of viruses, the beneficial role of marine microbes in biotechnology, biofuels, metagenomics and synthetic biology, and new research on the impact of climate change and ocean acidification. The first three sections review the main features of the marine environment and key aspects of marine microbial life; the second section examines the role of marine microorganisms in ecology; and the final section considers some of the applications of this knowledge in areas such as disease and biodegradation.
Bibliography note	Includes bibliographical references and index.
LCCN	2011000917
ISBN	9780815365174 (alk. paper)
ISBN	0815365179 (alk. paper)

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Joyner	General Stacks	QR106 .M86 2011	✔ Available	Place Hold

Marine microbiology : ecology and applications / Colin Munn ; with foreword by Farooq Azam.

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