The Washington manual pulmonary medicine subspecialty consult / editors, Adrian Shifren, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine Pulmonary and Critical Care Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, Derek E. Byers, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor of Medicine Pulmonary and Critical Care Washington University School of Medicine, Chad A. Witt, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine Pulmonary and Critical Care Washington University School of Medicine ; series editors, Thomas M. De Fer, MD, FACP, Professor of Medicine, Director, Internal Medicine Clerkship and the ACES Program, Division of Medical Education, Department of Medicine Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, Thomas Ciesielski, MD, Instructor in Medicine, Fellow in Patient Safety and Quality Division of Medical Education/Department of Internal Medicine Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.