| Contents |
Part I. Metaethics -- 1. Moral Relativism -- "A Dialogue," from Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals (1751) [A] / David Hume -- "The Challenge of Cultural Relativism," from Elements of Moral Philosophy (1999) / James Rachels -- 2. Moral Realism vs. Moral Skepticism -- "Moral Forms," from The Republic, Bk. 6, 504d-510b (4th cn. BCE) / Plato -- "Moral Skepticism," from Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong (1977) / J.L. Mackie -- 3. God and Morality -- "Euthyphro Dilemma" from Euthyphro 10a-11b (4th cn. BCE) / Plato -- from "The Treatise on Law" in Summa Theologica (c.1270) / Thomas Aquinas -- "Morality Independent of Religion," from Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion (1779) and The Natural History of Religion (1757) / David Hume -- "The Primacy of God's Will in Theistic Ethics" (1992) [A] / Philip L. Quinn -- "God and the Basis of Morality" (1982) / Kai Nielsen -- 4. Egoism vs. Altruism -- "The Selfish Origins of Pity and Charity," from Leviathan, (1651) Book 1, ch. 6, Of Human Nature (1650), Ch. 9, sect. 10 and 17 / Thomas Hobbes -- "The Natural Desire Towards Public Good," from Sermons 1 of Fifteen Sermons (1726) / Joseph Butler -- "Psychological Egoism" (1965) / Joel Feinberg -- 5. Reason vs. Emotion -- "Moral Relations," from Discourse (1706) / Samuel Clarke -- "Moral Distinctions not Derived from Reason," from A Treatise of Human Nature, and An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals (1740, 1751) [A] / David Hume -- "The Best Thing to Do," from The Moral Point of View (1958) / Kurt Baier -- 6. Emotivism and Prescriptivism -- "Emotivism," from Language, Truth, and Logic (1936) / A.J. Ayer -- "Emotivism and Descriptive Meanings of Ethical Terms" from Ethics and Language (1944) / C.L. Stevenson -- "Prescriptive and Descriptive Meaning of Ethical Terms," from The Concise Encyclopedia of Western Philosophy and Philosophers (1960) / R.M. Hare -- Part II. Normative Ethics -- 7. Virtue Theory -- "Moral Virtues" from Nicomachean Ethics Bk. 2 (4th cn. BCE) / Aristotle -- "The Misfortunes of Virtue" (1990) / J.B. Schneewind -- "Virtue Theory" (1991) / Greg Pence -- "On Some Vices of Virtue Ethics" (1984) / Robert B. Louden -- 8. Social Contract Theory -- "The Nature and Origin of Justice," from The Republic (4th cn. BCE) / Plato -- "The State of Nature and Laws of Nature," from Leviathan, Chapters 13-15 (1651) [A] / Thomas Hobbes -- "Hobbes's Social Contract Theory" [N] / Mark Murphy -- from A Theory of Justice (1971) / John Rawls -- "Rawls's Theory," from Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974) / Robert Nozick -- 9. Moral Rights -- "Natural Rights," from Second Treatise of Government (1690) / John Locke -- "The Division of Rights," from The Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy (1785) / William Paley -- "Universal Declaration of Human Rights" (1948) / United Nations General Assembly -- "The Nature and Value of Rights" (1979) / Joel Feinberg -- 10. Moral Duties -- "Duties to God, Self, and Others" from The Duty of Man and Citizen (1673) [A] / Samuel Pufendorf -- from The Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, Chapter 2 (1785) / Immanuel Kant -- "Kant's Categorical Imperative" [N] / Eric Watkins -- from The Right and the Good (1930) W.D. Ross -- "Ross's Intuitionist Theory of Duty" [N] / Martin Curd -- 11. Hedonism and Utilitarianism -- "Letter to Menoeceus" (3rd cn. BCE.) / Epicurus -- "Happiness and Pleasrue," from Utopia (1516) / Thomas More -- "Computing the Greatest Happiness," from Inquiry Concerning Moral Good and Evil (1725) / Francis Hutcheson -- "The Principle of Utility," from Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789) / Jeremy Bentham -- from Utilitarianism (1863) [A] / J.S. Mill -- "Morality and Consequences" [R] / John E. Hare -- "A Critical Look at Consequentialism" [N] / William C. Davis -- 12. Feminist Ethics -- "Women and Morality" from A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) / Mary Wollstonecraft -- "Ethics from the Stand Point of Women" (1990) / Nel Noddings -- "Is There a Female Morality?" [N] / Michael Levin -- Part III. Applied Ethics -- 13. Suicide -- "Against Suicide," from City of God (c. 413 CE) / Augustine -- "Whether It Is Lawful to Kill Oneself" from Summa Theologica (c.1270) / Thomas Aquinas -- "Of Suicide" (1783) / David Hume -- "Suicide" from Lectures on Ethics (c.1780) / Immanuel Kant -- 14. Euthanasia -- "Hippocratic Oath" (c. 400 BCE) / Hippocrates -- "Voluntary Death," from Utopia (1516) / Thomas More -- "Active and Passive Euthanasia" (1975) / James Rachels -- "Active and Passive Euthanasia: An Impertinent Distinction?" (1977) / Thomas D. Sullivan -- "More Impertinent Distinctions and a Defense of Active Euthanasia" (1978) / James Rachels -- 15. Abortion -- "Fetuses and the Human Soul," from Summa Theologica (c.1270) / Thomas Aquinas -- "An Argument that Abortion is Wrong" (1996) / Don Marquis -- "A Defense of Abortion" (1971) Judith Jarvis Thomson -- 16. Capital Punishment -- "The Death Penalty" in On Crimes and Punishments (1764) / Cesare Beccaria -- "Speech in Favor of Capital Punishment" (1868) / J.S. Mill -- from The Case Against the Death Penalty (1997) / Hugo Adam Bedau -- "The Ultimate Punishment" (1986) / Ernest van den Haag -- 17. Animal Ethics -- "Killing Plants and Animals" from City of God (c. 413 CE) / Augustine -- "Whether it is Unlawful to Kill any Living Thing," from Summa Theologica (c.1270) / Thomas Aquinas -- "The Automatism of Animals "from Letter to Henry More (c.1648) / Rene Descartes -- "Duties towards Animals" from Lectures on Ethics (c.1780) / Immanual Kant -- "The Case for Animal Rights" (1985) / Tom Regan -- "Do Animals have Rights?" (1991) / Tibor Machan -- 18. Environmental Ethics -- "Against the View that God Dwells in Plant Life," from Of the Morals of the Manacheans (388 CE) / Augustine -- "Primeval Nature" from Maine Woods (1864) / Henry David Thoreau -- "The Land Ethic," from A Sand County Almanac (1949) / Aldo Leopold -- "An Argument Against Normative Ecocentrism" [R] / James Fieser. |
